{"id":60445,"date":"2021-04-07T14:59:15","date_gmt":"2021-04-07T12:59:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/?p=60445"},"modified":"2022-03-04T15:23:29","modified_gmt":"2022-03-04T14:23:29","slug":"universe-likes-playing-dice-quantum-computing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/en\/universe-likes-playing-dice-quantum-computing\/","title":{"rendered":"Universe likes playing dice &#8211; Quantum Computing"},"content":{"rendered":"<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>When quantum computing supremacy will be achieved?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Some months ago, Google announced that it had achieved \u201cquantum supremacy\u201d with its <i>Sycamore<\/i> quantum processor. That is, to perform a complex exponential calculation in a relatively short time that it would take years making it with the most powerful traditional computer. In particular, they showed as an example a problem that spent 200 seconds solving it with their 53 qubits (quantum bits) quantum computer, while it would take 10 000 years!! to solve it in the most powerful computer nowadays (the IBM Summit)&#8230; Quantum supremacy has been achieved!<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">But not so fast! Some days later, the IBM engineers seized to deny the announcement saying that the operation would take only 2.5 days on their computer and not 10000 years. Well 200 seconds instead of 216000 seconds (2.5 days)&#8230; OK, perhaps quantum supremacy has not been achieved yet, but it is a 1000 times faster. That&#8217;s a gigantic step!<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">The competition between IBM and Google to see who demonstrates quantum supremacy will be fierce, considering that IBM is also developing its own quantum computer. However, it has not found the algorithm that can benefit from the quantum capabilities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/-ZNEzzDcllU\">https:\/\/youtu.be\/-ZNEzzDcllU<\/a> if anyone just wants to see the Google demo&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">L<\/span><\/span><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span lang=\"en-GB\">et&#8217;s go in depth a bit, what exactly is a quantum computer made of? Where does that computation power come from? And, mainly, are the quantum computers useful if the supercomputers are more and more powerful?<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>The exponential problem.<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">To answer this last question it is necessary to understand that there are exponential problems that can not be approached by boolean or traditional computers. To better explain the concept of an exponential problem I will use a tale of a sage to whom a king promised a prize and this sage asks the king to reward him by placing a grain of rice on the first square, two on the second one, four on the third and so on. Every square must have double the amount of grains of rice than the previous one. The king accepted the sage&#8217;s request and gave his word&#8230; it was just some grains of rice! But soon he realized that all the rice needed to fill the chess board was more than all the available rice in the whole kingdom, the whole earth and will cost all his fortune.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-59426 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/arroz-300x200.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"443\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/arroz-300x200.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/arroz-768x512.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/arroz.jpeg 960w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 443px) 100vw, 443px\" \/><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">OK, OK, but if according to Moore&#8217;s law, the computing capacity gets doubled every two year&#8230; we just have to wait a few years to achieve the necessary computing capacity. In the case of IBM, 15 years would be enough to have the same computing power than the quantum computer. The problem is that we are getting close to the physical limit of miniaturization, where it would be impossible to reduce more the size of transistors (tunnel effect) and, above all, dissipate the generated heat.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">However, the quantum computers are not limited by miniaturization. They take advantage of the quantum properties of elemental particles, mainly the electrons. But is it possible to control an electron? Well, it is difficult to work directly with them (they usually do not stay still) but there are atoms that can be used and where the electrons &#8220;orbit&#8221; around their nucleus. And its calculation power increases with the number of interconnected electron&#8217;s cages.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-59434 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Historia-transistores-300x73.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"604\" height=\"147\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Historia-transistores-300x73.jpg 300w, https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Historia-transistores-768x186.jpg 768w, https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Historia-transistores-980x240.jpg 980w, https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Historia-transistores.jpg 991w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 604px) 100vw, 604px\" \/><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Once an atom is captured, we can already use one of the properties of the electrons of that atom as an indicator of the state: the spin. The electrons are like tiny magnetos and the polarity can be oriented in many directions. Depending on the direction of the polarity, up or down (\u2191 or \u2193), we say that represents a zero or a one. In reality, it is more than that, a qubit allows that it can be a zero and a one at the same time, this is called superposition. How can it be a zero and a one at the same time? In the real world, there is something called determinism, or it is a zero or it is a one!. Be patient, we will get there&#8230; A way of seeing it is the next image, where we go from a binary technology (0 or 1) to a quantum one, where it is possible to regulate how much 1 and how much zero there is in a qubit. However, the \u201camount\u201d of 1 and 0 has to follow certain rules.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-59440 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/y8XA7Re44P-frame-27-300x209.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"209\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/y8XA7Re44P-frame-27-300x209.png 300w, https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/y8XA7Re44P-frame-27-768x535.png 768w, https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/y8XA7Re44P-frame-27.png 970w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>What? Parallel worlds? You must be kidding&#8230;<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">As I was saying, the physicists can confine atoms in ion chambers thanks to magnetic fields keeping them inside and using lasers (photons) they can act on the electron&#8217;s spin to change it&#8230; they have constructed a quantum transistor! The problem is that it is necessary to have complex facilities close to the absolute zero to do all this&#8230; and they look like that:<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-59438 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Quantum-computer-169x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"243\" height=\"431\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Quantum-computer-169x300.jpg 169w, https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Quantum-computer.jpg 564w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 243px) 100vw, 243px\" \/><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">What can make a few connected atoms have that supercomputing power? Well, two natural properties of the quantum particles: <b>superposition <\/b>and <b>entanglement<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Let&#8217;s start with the <b>entanglement.<\/b> It happens between 2, 3 or more electrons, and it is like if the particles had instant communication between them and that allows them to synchronize its Spin direction (state) no matter how far they are. It is like an information teleporting not at the speed of light but instantaneous. This contradicts the relativity theory when this has established that no speed can be higher than the speed of the light, and also contradicts the logic of our reality, but quantum is like that.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I know it is crazy! This phantasmagorical property has fascinated many scientists, such as Schr\u00f6dinger and Einstein among others, who never believed it completely. Einstein called this effect \u201c<i>spooky action at a distance<\/i>\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In summary, having a system with two entangled particles, when we randomly change the Spin of one of them, the other one changes automatically wherever it is (even in the other corner of the universe) and with no information channel, faster than light!<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-59453 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Mago-300x169.gif\" alt=\"\" width=\"495\" height=\"279\" \/><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Are you ready for the second property? Hold on, here we go with <b>superposition<\/b>. This is a property that allows the qubit to have more than one value simultaneously. Imagine that the property was the colour, they could be green and red at the same time. It is just like generating new dimensions with each superimposed qubit and each one of those dimensions keeps a value. If we have a computer of 20 qubits, have 20 dimensions where each one keeps a value, but from our 3D reality, we see it superimposed&#8230;. new dimensions? Yes! The calculation space gets multiplied and that means we can distribute the calculation among them and make them&#8230; all at the same time!<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">I recommend this nice video about parallel universes, it will make you laugh for a while: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vBkBS4O3yvY\">https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vBkBS4O3yvY<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>What order of magnitude is the improvement?<\/b><\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In terms of performance, it is difficult to make parallelisms between supercomputers and quantum computers, because it is necessary to move from the \u201cboolean logic\u201d to the \u201cquantum logic\u201d. However, in a classic computer an operation takes a binary input value and generates an output while in a quantum computer, all possible combinations are performed at the same time, in parallel.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-59436 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/procesamiento-paralelo-261x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"261\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/procesamiento-paralelo-261x300.jpg 261w, https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/procesamiento-paralelo.jpg 599w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 261px) 100vw, 261px\" \/><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Just an image to understand the exponential capacity of qubits to store information:<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-59424 aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/40qr3cd1.bit-vs-qubit-300x133.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"365\" height=\"162\" srcset=\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/40qr3cd1.bit-vs-qubit-300x133.png 300w, https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/40qr3cd1.bit-vs-qubit.png 601w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 365px) 100vw, 365px\" \/><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Using 3 classic bits, it is possible to store a value like 011 (3 as a real number). Using 3 qubits is possible to store 8 values thanks to its superposition properties. This video explains that very well. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.visual-science.com\/projects\/quantum-computers\/animation\/\">https:\/\/www.visual-science.com\/projects\/quantum-computers\/animation\/<\/a> <\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: large;\"><b>And this for when?<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">Developers, relax. If someone is thinking about making a quick course about quantum algorithms, I recommend you to wait. The quantum computers do not have traditional arithmetic or logic operators. In fact, there is no loop structure such as &#8220;if, then&#8221; or &#8220;while&#8221;&#8230; It is not possible to recompile a code in C++ or Python and run it in a quantum computer.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">In general, quantum computing will not bring classic computing down. Both will coexist and there will be a lot of algorithms with no advantage in quantum computing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\">If someone has understood nothing, don&#8217;t worry. As the Nobel Prize in Physics, Feynman, said &#8220;If you think you understand quantum mechanics, you don\u2019t understand quantum mechanics&#8221;. And of course, my dear Einstein, the universe likes playing dice.<\/span><\/p>\n<p lang=\"en-GB\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: medium;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/es\/author\/javier-garrido\/\">More articles by Javier Garrido<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When quantum computing supremacy will be achieved? Some months ago, Google announced that it had achieved \u201cquantum supremacy\u201d with its Sycamore quantum processor. That is, to perform a complex exponential calculation in a relatively short time that it would take years making it with the most powerful traditional computer. In particular, they showed as an&#8230; <\/p>\n<div class=\"clear\"><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/en\/universe-likes-playing-dice-quantum-computing\/\" class=\"gdlr-info-font excerpt-read-more\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":57,"featured_media":59444,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[517],"tags":[1286,1016,1288,1287,1289,1284,1285],"class_list":["post-60445","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-3","tag-computer","tag-google-2","tag-ibm-2","tag-physics","tag-qbuit-2","tag-quantum-computing","tag-supercomputers"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.8.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Universe likes playing dice - Quantum Computing - OpenExpo Europe 2021 - Virtual Experience<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"When quantum computing supremacy will be achieved?Some months ago, Google announced that it had achieved \u201cquantum supremacy\u201d with its...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/en\/universe-likes-playing-dice-quantum-computing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Universe likes playing dice - Quantum Computing - OpenExpo Europe 2021 - Virtual Experience\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"When quantum computing supremacy will be achieved?Some months ago, Google announced that it had achieved \u201cquantum supremacy\u201d with its...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/en\/universe-likes-playing-dice-quantum-computing\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"OpenExpo Europe 2021 - Virtual Experience\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/OpenExpoEurope\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-04-07T12:59:15+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-03-04T14:23:29+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Cubierta-DADOS-JGP-1.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"751\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Javier Garrido\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@openexpoeurope\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@openexpoeurope\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Javier Garrido\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/en\/universe-likes-playing-dice-quantum-computing\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/en\/universe-likes-playing-dice-quantum-computing\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Javier Garrido\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/openexpoeurope.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/675e291c51f149901d4b1501a7a8bccd\"},\"headline\":\"Universe likes playing dice &#8211; 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Me licenci\u00e9 en F\u00edsica para saber como funcionaba el mundo en sus extremos, desde lo mas peque\u00f1o y at\u00f3mico hasta la inmensidad del universo. Cuando termin\u00e9 supe que el aprendizaje solo hab\u00eda comenzado. Tuve que elegir centrarme en algo y decid\u00ed que el campo de la tecnolog\u00eda era el futuro, luego lo conect\u00e9 con la educaci\u00f3n cuando empec\u00e9 a trabajar en una empresa educativa y ahora soy un comprometido y un convencido de que el binomio aprendizaje y tecnolog\u00eda ser\u00e1 lo que transforme el mundo. Enamorado de la ciencia, la tecnolog\u00eda, la fotograf\u00eda y los viajes. Todav\u00eda no he encontrado el trabajo que una todos ellos, pero llegar\u00e1. Actualmente asesoro en modelos de negocio digitales buscando formas de mejorar la ense\u00f1anza a trav\u00e9s de la tecnolog\u00eda. Soy un convencido de que la innovaci\u00f3n surge del trabajo en equipo, del empuje de las pasiones de las personas, de la visi\u00f3n y decisiones compartidas y del aprendizaje continuo. 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